The implementation of naval drones in the Romanian Naval Forces – a necessity
ANALYSIS: Maritime Security Forum
1. Introduction
The implementation of naval drones within the Romanian Naval Forces can no longer be treated as a prospective technological option, but as an immediate operational necessity, determined by the accelerated transformations of the maritime security environment. The evolution of contemporary conflicts, characterized by strategic ambiguity, actions below the threshold of armed conflict, and the extensive use of autonomous means, requires a rapid adaptation of national maritime capabilities. In this context, naval drones are becoming essential force multipliers, capable of extending the range of surveillance, reducing risks to human personnel, and accelerating the decision-making cycle in crisis situations.
The Black Sea area is a unique operational environment, marked by high strategic density, geographical proximity, intense naval competition, and a steady increase in hybrid activities. In such a setting, the ability to maintain persistent, flexible, and discreet surveillance becomes a central element of defensive and deterrence posture. Naval drones—aerial, surface, and underwater—offer the Romanian Naval Forces the ability to respond to these challenges through an extended and adaptive presence, complementary to traditional naval platforms.
This initiative is taking shape in the context of international strategic developments that require the use of advanced technologies to increase surveillance, reconnaissance, and defense capabilities in maritime areas of interest. Naval drones are assigned the role of expanding the ability to accurately and efficiently monitor large areas of water, obtaining real-time data, thus reducing risks to military personnel and increasing the speed of response in crisis situations.
The integration of naval drones does not only involve the acquisition of new technical systems, but also a structural transformation of the way maritime operations are planned and conducted. This requires interoperability with existing command and control systems, doctrinal adaptation to concepts such as distributed operations and information dominance, and the development of specialized human resources. At the same time, the process must be accompanied by a clear security and control framework capable of managing cyber risks, technological vulnerabilities, and the legal implications of using autonomous or semi-autonomous systems.
The development and implementation of naval drones is part of a complex process that requires significant investment in both hardware and specialized personnel training. These devices must be adapted for different missions, from patrol and search to tactical reconnaissance or even strike, in varied and particularly demanding operational conditions. Thus, the adoption of these technologies becomes an essential element in strengthening the strategic position of the Romanian Naval Forces and maintaining a balance of power in the region.
In addition, the introduction of naval drones requires a reassessment of maritime doctrine and a reorganisation of operational structures in order to optimise information flows and mission coordination. Among the main challenges are managing the associated risks, ensuring data protection and preventing cyber vulnerabilities, issues that must be addressed through clear policies and procedures.
In this sense, the implementation of naval drones represents a limited strategic window of opportunity for the modernization of the Romanian Naval Forces. Postponing decisions or taking a fragmented approach to this process risks creating operational gaps that are difficult to recover from in a rapidly changing maritime environment. This article analyzes the role of naval drones from an integrated perspective—operational, technological, doctrinal, and security—highlighting the conditions necessary for coherent and effective implementation within the Romanian Naval Forces.
2. The context of the use of naval drones within the Romanian Naval Forces
The strategic context of the use of naval drones within the Romanian Navy is based on the need to strengthen operational and surveillance capabilities in the maritime area of responsibility, as well as to adapt to new challenges generated by geopolitical and technological developments. In recent years, the increase in the number of asymmetric conflicts, the risks associated with naval traffic activities, and hybrid threats have highlighted the limitations of conventional equipment, with the potential offered by autonomous technologies, especially naval drones, leading the way to innovation and modernization. These allow for reconnaissance, surveillance, identification, and even intervention missions to be carried out discreetly and efficiently.
In the context of evolving threats, these technologies are becoming essential components of defense strategy, offering a modernized technological perspective that is interoperable with other information and command systems at the national and allied levels. Thus, the use of naval drones proves to be a viable solution for achieving competitive superiority in maritime missions, as well as for strengthening the maritime security of the national territory, in line with international standards and developments in the field.
In this context, naval drones offer the Romanian Naval Forces a significant operational advantage through their ability to provide persistent, flexible, and discreet surveillance over extended periods of time. Air, surface, and underwater platforms allow for real-time information gathering, expanded early warning capabilities, and monitoring of areas of interest without directly exposing military personnel. The use of these systems also contributes to reducing response times and increasing the accuracy of operational decisions in a maritime environment where speed and information are critical factors.
The introduction of naval drones must also be analysed from the perspective of interoperability and Romania’s commitments within allied structures. The integration of these capabilities into the national and allied command and control architecture strengthens the capacity for cooperation in joint missions, multinational exercises and collective deterrence operations. In this sense, naval drones are not just a technological tool, but an element of strategic alignment with modern operational standards and the security requirements of the Euro-Atlantic environment.
In conclusion, the context for the use of naval drones within the Romanian Naval Forces is defined by the convergence of regional security pressures, rapid technological developments, and the need to optimize available resources. In a maritime environment characterized by uncertainty, competition, and strategic volatility, the integration of these systems becomes an essential condition for maintaining operational relevance, strengthening the defensive posture, and protecting national maritime interests in the medium and long term.
3. Operational objectives of modern fleets
The operational objectives of modern fleets are deeply influenced by the transformation of the maritime security environment, the increasing complexity of threats, and the need to adapt quickly to situations characterized by ambiguity and strategic volatility. In this context, a modern fleet is no longer defined exclusively by its force projection capability or the number of naval platforms in its inventory, but by its ability to achieve and maintain information superiority, to react quickly, and to operate effectively within integrated national and allied structures.
A central operational objective is to ensure permanent maritime surveillance of areas of strategic interest. In densely populated and contested maritime environments, the ability to continuously monitor the maritime space, identify abnormal activities, and anticipate potentially hostile developments becomes essential. Naval drones contribute decisively to achieving this objective by extending the observation range and increasing mission duration, allowing a constant presence to be maintained without disproportionate operational costs.
A second major operational objective is to increase early warning and rapid response capabilities. Integrating drones into the command and control architecture significantly reduces the time needed to detect, assess, and classify threats. Access to real-time data and the ability to deploy autonomous platforms in the vicinity of sensitive areas facilitates informed decision-making in a short time frame, which is crucial in crisis situations or in scenarios below the threshold of armed conflict.
Another key operational objective is to reduce risks to military personnel and increase operational safety. The use of naval drones for reconnaissance, surveillance, or situation assessment missions in potentially hostile areas limits the direct exposure of human crews to danger without diminishing the ability to understand the operational environment. In this sense, drones become a tool for optimizing human resources and protecting specialized human capital, which is a strategic resource that is difficult to replace.
Modern fleets also seek to optimize the use of available resources and increase operational efficiency. Naval drones allow for the redistribution of missions, complementing traditional platforms in routine or extended surveillance tasks, thus freeing up manned vessels for more complex missions or direct engagement. This approach helps reduce equipment wear and tear, control costs, and maintain a high level of operational readiness.
A complementary but increasingly relevant objective is to increase interoperability and operational capacity within allied structures. The integration of naval drones into national and multinational maritime security systems facilitates information exchange, mission coordination, and effective participation in joint operations. In this sense, drones are not only a multiplier of capabilities at the national level, but also a tool for strengthening Romania’s credibility and relevance within the Euro-Atlantic security architecture.
Overall, the operational objectives of modern fleets reflect a clear transition from a platform-centric approach to one focused on information, flexibility, and integration. For the Romanian Naval Forces, achieving these objectives through the use of naval drones is a necessary step in adapting to new security realities, maintaining freedom of action in the maritime space, and strengthening a credible defensive posture in an increasingly contested regional environment.
All these objectives aim to create an integrated operational system capable of responding promptly and effectively in any situation, thus strengthening the strategic posture of the Romanian Naval Forces and contributing to the stability and security of the national and regional maritime environment.
4. Technical and technological framework of naval drones
The technical and technological framework of naval drones is the foundation for the effective and innovative integration of these systems into the modern military fleet. It includes a detailed classification of drones according to size, autonomy, payload capacity, and operational purposes, which is essential for adapting to the specific requirements of the maritime environment. Naval drones can be divided into categories such as reconnaissance and observation UAVs, surveillance and security UAVs, as well as dedicated systems for rapid response, logistical support, or even strike missions. Each category benefits from advanced technologies such as high-resolution sensors, detection and tracking systems, and secure communications designed to ensure precise and safe coordination.
An essential element of the technical and technological framework is the integration of sensors and communications systems. The effectiveness of naval drones depends directly on the quality and diversity of the sensors used—optical, electro-optical, radar, acoustic—as well as on the ability to transmit the data collected in real time to command centers. This information flow must be secure, redundant, and compatible with existing command and control systems to ensure continuity of operations and prevent cyber vulnerabilities or critical communication disruptions.
Autonomous and semi-autonomous technologies are another pillar of the technical and technological framework. The ability of drones to execute pre-programmed missions, adapt their behavior to environmental conditions, and maintain functionality in conditions of communication degradation significantly extends operational flexibility. At the same time, the level of autonomy must be carefully correlated with human control requirements to ensure predictability, decision-making responsibility, and compliance with security and engagement rules.
The integration of naval drones into the technical infrastructure of the Romanian Naval Forces requires the adaptation of existing platforms—ships, command centers, coastal facilities—to enable the operation, maintenance, and coordination of these systems. A fragmented approach or lack of an integrated vision at this stage can lead to malfunctions and limit the technological potential of drones.
Last but not least, the technical and technological framework must be designed as a dynamic system, capable of evolving with technological progress and changes in the operational environment. Regular software updates, sensor adaptation, and the integration of new technologies must be planned from the outset to avoid dependence on rigid or rapidly perishable solutions. In this sense, technological flexibility and adaptability become essential criteria for the medium- and long-term success of naval drone implementation.
In terms of compatibility, naval drones must be integrated into existing defense and surveillance systems using interoperable standards and advanced communication protocols. Adapting these technologies to the infrastructure on ships and fixed platforms requires investment in hardware and software, as well as training for specialized personnel. Manufacturers and operators must therefore work together to ensure compatibility and interoperability, avoiding potential vulnerabilities or downtime during critical missions.
Overall, the technical and technological framework of naval drones is not just a set of technical characteristics, but an integrated operational architecture designed to support the strategic objectives of the Romanian Naval Forces. Careful correlation between technology, mission, and doctrine is essential for transforming naval drones from simple autonomous platforms into true multipliers of capabilities in the contemporary maritime environment.
4.1. Classification and service capabilities
The classification of naval drones is an essential element for the coherent planning of their implementation within the Romanian Naval Forces, as it determines both the types of missions that can be performed and the requirements for service, training, and organizational integration.
The classification of naval drones is based on several technical and operational parameters, such as size, autonomy, payload capabilities, and the missions for which they are intended.
In this context, surface drones, aerial drones, and underwater drones are predominantly distinguished, each having access to a specific range of operability and use. Surface drones, for example, are designed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and limited attack missions, being equipped with appropriate sensors and weapons, having relatively high autonomy and significant flight speed. The aerial drone is characterized by high operating altitudes and is used for long-term surveillance, while underwater drones specialize in reconnaissance and deep-sea missions and are equipped with underwater navigation and target detection technologies.
Service capabilities are tailored to the specifics of each type of drone, from specialized teams for operation and maintenance to automated and semi-automated integration into naval or coastal command and control systems. In the case of surface drones, personnel must be trained to operate advanced remote control systems, autonomous navigation and sensor calibrations, as well as to manage any technical incidents. Underwater drones, being more complex, require teams specialised in underwater technology, communications systems and recovery and maintenance operations. In all cases, servicing technology must ensure continuous operation under intense operating conditions, maintaining a high level of safety and reliability.
Furthermore, the servicing of naval drones should be viewed as a continuous process, involving preventive maintenance, constant updating of personnel skills, and adaptation of procedures to technological developments. The lack of a systematic approach in this area risks leading to underutilization of available capabilities or increased operational vulnerabilities. Therefore, the classification of drones and the development of servicing capabilities must be integrated into a coherent vision for the modernization of the Romanian Naval Forces, focused on sustainability, flexibility, and operational efficiency.
4.2. Integration requirements in existing combat systems
The integration of naval drones into existing combat systems is one of the most critical stages in the modernization process of the Romanian Naval Forces, as it directly determines the real operational value of these capabilities. Beyond the individual performance of autonomous platforms, the efficiency of drones is conditioned by their ability to function as an integral part of a coherent command, control, communications, information, and surveillance system. In the absence of systemic integration, drones risk remaining isolated assets with limited impact on the decision-making process and the fleet’s response capability.
The first level of integration is technical interfacing with existing command and control systems. Naval drones must be able to transmit collected data in real time to command centers, ships on mission, and analysis structures, thus contributing to the formation of an up-to-date common maritime picture. This process requires compatibility with existing C2 architectures, the use of interoperable communication standards, and the implementation of information filtering and prioritization mechanisms to avoid overloading decision-makers with raw data that is difficult to exploit operationally.
A second essential level is operational and doctrinal integration. Naval drones should not be treated as auxiliary means, but as active sensors and platforms within the operational decision-making cycle. This implies adapting operational planning and conduct procedures so that the information provided by drones is rapidly integrated into situation assessment and tactical decision-making. In this context, clarifying the relationship between drone operators, ship commanders, and command structures becomes essential to avoid overlapping responsibilities or decision-making bottlenecks.
Communications and connectivity components play a decisive role in the success of integration. Maintaining the link between drones and control centers is essential for their safe and efficient operation, especially in the maritime environment, where signal propagation conditions can be limiting. Extending the range through the use of satellite communications, aerial relays, or retransmission from naval platforms contributes to increased operational flexibility, but also introduces new vulnerabilities that must be managed through redundancy and advanced cybersecurity measures.
The integration of naval drones also requires the adaptation of existing technical and logistical infrastructure. Ships, coastal bases, and command centers must be equipped to support the operation, maintenance, and coordination of these systems, including the development of control stations, launch and recovery facilities, and technical support capabilities. A piecemeal approach, in which drones are procured without clear correlation to the available infrastructure, risks creating inefficiencies and limiting their effective use in real missions.
A particularly important aspect of integration is system security. Naval drones, as part of extensive digital networks, become potential targets for cyber attacks, interference, or attempts to compromise data. Therefore, their integration must be accompanied by the implementation of robust protection measures, including communications encryption, authentication systems, continuous network monitoring, and clear response procedures in case of degradation or loss of control.
Overall, the integration of naval drones into existing combat systems is not a simple technical exercise, but a complex process of organizational, doctrinal, and technological adaptation. The success of this endeavor depends on the coherence of the implementation vision, coordination between the various structures of the Romanian Naval Forces, and the ability to transform the data provided by drones into concrete operational advantages. Only through complete and well-managed integration can naval drones become a real capability multiplier and a central element of maritime security posture.
5. Legal, regulatory, and national security aspects
The implementation of naval drones within the Romanian Naval Forces requires operating within a complex legal and regulatory framework that is constantly adapting to technological developments and changes in the security environment. From an operational perspective, compliance with this framework is not only a formal obligation but also an essential condition for the legitimate, safe, and effective use of autonomous and semi-autonomous systems in the maritime environment. The absence of clear rules or their inconsistent application can lead to strategic risks, unintended escalations, or vulnerabilities in national security.
A first level of analysis is alignment with international law applicable to the maritime environment. The operation of naval drones must be compatible with the principles of maritime law, the rules on freedom of navigation, and the rules applicable in situations of tension or conflict. In this context, the use of drones in surveillance, monitoring, or deterrence activities requires a clear distinction between actions permitted in peacetime, those carried out below the threshold of armed conflict, and operations carried out in the context of an armed conflict, in order to avoid legal ambiguities and disproportionate reactions.
From a national perspective, it is necessary to develop a coherent internal regulatory framework that explicitly regulates the conditions for the use of naval drones, the responsibilities of the structures involved, and the authorization and control procedures. This framework must cover aspects such as mission classification, the levels of command authorized to order the use of drones, and the mechanisms for reporting and evaluating operations. Regulatory clarity helps reduce the risk of divergent interpretations and strengthens operational discipline.
A central aspect is decision-making responsibility in the use of autonomous or semi-autonomous systems. Even with a high degree of technological autonomy, the final decision on engagement, escalation, or use of force must remain under human control. A clear definition of this principle is essential to maintaining the legitimacy of military actions and preventing incidents that could have significant political or strategic consequences. In this regard, operating procedures must establish precise limits on autonomy and mechanisms for human intervention in critical situations.
The dimension of national security and critical infrastructure protection is inseparable from the legal framework. Naval drones are integrated into complex digital networks, becoming potential targets for cyberattacks, interference, or manipulation. Therefore, the regulation of their use must include strict requirements regarding cybersecurity, data protection, and system resilience. The implementation of clear protocols for incident prevention, detection, and response is essential to maintaining operational integrity and avoiding the compromise of sensitive information.
Another relevant element is the management of incidents and unforeseen situations. The regulatory framework must provide clear procedures for cases of loss of control over drones, technical malfunctions, or unintended interactions with civilian or military platforms of other states. The lack of such procedures can lead to unwanted escalations or the deterioration of diplomatic relations, especially in a maritime environment characterized by proximity and strategic sensitivity.
In conclusion, legal, regulatory, and national security issues are an essential pillar of the naval drone implementation process. They must be addressed pragmatically, in a risk-oriented manner, and integrated into the operational process, rather than treated as a secondary element. Only through a clear, adaptable legal framework that is well correlated with technological and operational realities can the Romanian Naval Forces fully leverage the potential of naval drones while maintaining the legitimacy, control, and security of actions carried out in the maritime space.
6. Impact on the doctrine and organization of the Romanian Naval Forces
The integration of naval drones into the Romanian Naval Forces has a profound impact on operational doctrine and the organization of naval structures, far exceeding the strictly technological dimension of this process. Drones are not just additional surveillance or support platforms, but catalysts for a doctrinal transformation that redefines how maritime operations are planned, conducted, and executed. This transformation requires a rethinking of traditional paradigms, centered on manned platforms, in favor of an integrated approach, oriented towards information, networking, and operational flexibility.
From a doctrinal perspective, the use of naval drones contributes to the transition to a distributed operating model, in which capabilities are dispersed, interconnected, and coordinated in real time. In this model, drones function as advanced sensors and extensions of the combat system, capable of providing critical data for maintaining a common maritime picture and supporting decision-making. This approach reduces dependence on the physical presence of ships in all areas of interest and facilitates more efficient use of available resources without compromising response capability.
A major doctrinal effect is the acceleration of the decision-making cycle. The integration of drones into the command and control architecture reduces the time required for observation, orientation, and decision-making, allowing commanders to react quickly to developments in the operational situation. In today’s maritime environment, characterized by rapid and ambiguous actions, this capability becomes a significant strategic advantage. At the same time, the increase in the volume of available information requires the adaptation of analysis and filtering procedures to ensure that decisions are based on relevant and correctly interpreted data.
From an organizational point of view, the implementation of naval drones requires the adaptation of existing structures and the creation of dedicated capabilities. New operational roles are emerging, such as autonomous system operators, maritime data analysts, and digital systems integration specialists, who must be coherently integrated into the structure of the Naval Forces. This evolution requires redefining responsibilities, clarifying chains of command, and developing uniform procedures for cooperation between the various components of the fleet. The lack of clear organization risks generating overlapping competencies or decision-making bottlenecks, with a negative impact on operational efficiency.
Another essential aspect is the transformation of the organizational culture. Operating naval drones requires a change in mindset, from direct control of platforms to the management of distributed and partially autonomous systems. Military personnel must be prepared to work in a digitized environment, collaborate across disciplines, and accept a higher degree of automation in the operational process. In this regard, continuous professional training and the adaptation of training programs become critical components of long-term success.
The doctrinal and organizational impact also extends to the way we cooperate with allied partners. The use of naval drones facilitates integration into multinational operations and joint exercises, contributing to the harmonization of procedures and increased interoperability. At the same time, it requires compliance with common standards and the adaptation of national doctrine to allied operational concepts to ensure the coherence and effectiveness of collective actions.
In conclusion, the integration of naval drones represents a major vector of doctrinal and organizational transformation for the Romanian Naval Forces. The success of this process depends on the ability to approach implementation in a holistic manner, correlating technology with doctrine, organization, and human resources. Only through such an approach can naval drones become a central element of maritime security posture and a determining factor in the Romanian Navy’s adaptation to the realities of the contemporary operational environment.
7. Investments, costs, and phased implementation plans
The implementation of naval drones within the Romanian Naval Forces requires a significant investment commitment, which must be approached in a realistic, phased manner and correlated with strategic maritime security objectives. Beyond the direct costs associated with the acquisition of autonomous platforms, the success of this endeavor depends on the ability to integrate investments into a coherent medium- and long-term vision that includes support infrastructure, human resources, and system maintenance.
A first essential element in investment planning is to avoid fragmented acquisitions, motivated exclusively by circumstantial opportunities or the temporary availability of funds. International experience shows that the implementation of autonomous systems without a clear integration architecture leads to overlapping capabilities, interoperability difficulties, and increased long-term operational costs. Therefore, investments in naval drones must be subsumed under a unified strategy, in which each stage contributes to strengthening existing capabilities, not dispersing them.
The phased implementation plan provides the optimal framework for risk management and progressive adaptation to new technologies. The first stage should be dedicated to the piloting and operational testing phase. This includes selecting platforms suitable for surveillance and reconnaissance missions, assessing compatibility with existing systems, and initial staff training. The goal of this stage is not to quickly achieve full capability, but to gain operational experience and identify technical and organizational limitations.
The second phase focuses on the extensive operational integration of naval drones. In this phase, the tested platforms are integrated into real missions or complex exercises, and the command, control, and logistical support infrastructure is adapted accordingly. At the same time, this stage must include the consolidation of maintenance capabilities, the development of standard operating procedures, and the expansion of training programs to ensure a high level of operational availability.
The third stage aims to expand and optimize capabilities by diversifying the types of drones used and increasing their autonomy and interoperability. This phase may include the integration of drones with more complex roles, their adaptation for specialized missions, and the strengthening of cooperation with allied partners. Investments in this stage must be carefully correlated with the lessons learned in previous phases to avoid repeating inefficient or oversized solutions.
From a budgetary perspective, it is essential that investments in naval drones be analyzed not only in terms of initial costs, but also in terms of life-cycle costs. Expenses for maintenance, software updates, personnel training, and cybersecurity can exceed the actual acquisition costs in the long run. A realistic assessment of these issues allows for sustainable financial planning and reduces the risk of operational bottlenecks caused by underfunding.
Another important factor is identifying sources of funding and partnerships. In addition to national defense budgets, international cooperation mechanisms, research and development programs, or partnerships with industry and academia can be considered. These instruments can help reduce costs and accelerate technology transfer, provided that strict control over technological security and sovereignty is maintained.
In conclusion, investments in naval drones must be managed as a strategic, phased, and adaptable process, not as a one-off procurement project. Careful coordination between objectives, resources, and the implementation schedule is essential to transform these investments into a sustainable operational advantage capable of supporting the modernization of the Romanian Naval Forces and effectively responding to the challenges of the maritime security environment.
8. Operational challenges and risks
The integration of naval drones into the Romanian Naval Forces is a complex process which, in addition to the obvious operational benefits, generates a significant set of challenges and risks that must be managed systematically. Ignoring or underestimating these can significantly diminish the operational value of the capabilities acquired and create strategic vulnerabilities in a maritime environment already characterized by uncertainty and intense competition.
A first major challenge is the adaptation of the existing technical and organizational infrastructure. The operation of naval drones requires full compatibility with command and control systems, communications networks, and current logistical facilities. In the absence of related investments and coherent planning, there is a risk of operational malfunctions that may limit the effective use of drones or lead to fragmentation of capabilities. Integration that has not been sufficiently tested in real-world conditions can affect mission continuity and create critical dependencies on improvised solutions.
A significant risk is technological and cyber vulnerability. Naval drones, as connected digital systems, are exposed to interference, cyber attacks, and attempts to compromise communications or data. Loss of control over an autonomous platform or degradation of its functionality can have serious operational and political consequences, especially in sensitive maritime areas. Therefore, cyber security must be treated as an integral part of operational capability, not as an auxiliary element.
Environmental factors and operating conditions represent another category of challenges. The maritime environment places high technical demands on autonomous systems, including resistance to severe weather conditions, salinity, and limitations on communication signal propagation. Without robust technical solutions and adapted operating procedures, there is a risk of reduced operational availability and increased failure rates during critical missions.
Another significant risk is external technological dependence. The acquisition and operation of naval drones may involve technologies and components from external sources, which can create vulnerabilities in supply chains, limitations in access to updates, or political and commercial constraints. Managing this risk requires careful evaluation of suppliers, diversification of sources, and, where possible, the development of internal maintenance and technological adaptation capabilities.
From an operational perspective, the risk of unintended escalation must also be considered. The use of naval drones for surveillance or deterrence activities may be interpreted differently by other actors, particularly in contested maritime areas. The lack of clear rules of engagement or communication procedures can lead to incidents that amplify existing tensions. In this context, doctrinal clarity and close coordination with allied partners become essential to prevent undesirable developments.
Last but not least, human resources represent both a challenge and a risk factor. The lack of sufficiently trained personnel, the overwork of operators, or the frequent rotation of specialists can affect the continuity and quality of naval drone operations. Investments in technology must be accompanied by robust training and retention programs to avoid excessive dependence on a limited number of specialists.
In conclusion, the operational challenges and risks associated with the implementation of naval drones do not invalidate their benefits, but they do underscore the need for a prudent, integrated, and risk-management-oriented approach. Anticipating and managing these challenges are essential conditions for transforming naval drones into a sustainable operational advantage and for strengthening the maritime security posture of the Romanian Naval Forces in a complex and volatile strategic environment.
9. Use cases and tactical scenarios
The use cases and tactical scenarios associated with naval drones highlight the concrete operational value of these systems in the missions of the Romanian Naval Forces. Beyond their technological advantages, the relevance of naval drones is demonstrated by their ability to be flexibly integrated into a wide range of maritime operations, especially in contexts characterized by ambiguity, strategic pressure, and the need for rapid response. In this sense, naval drones are becoming essential tools for managing situations below the threshold of armed conflict, but also for supporting conventional operations in crisis scenarios.
A first relevant tactical scenario is the persistent surveillance of sensitive maritime areas. Aerial and surface drones can be used for continuous monitoring of territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and heavily trafficked maritime routes, contributing to the early detection of unusual or potentially hostile activities. This type of use is particularly important in the Black Sea environment, where the density of naval traffic and the proximity of areas of strategic interest require a high capacity for real-time observation and analysis.
A second scenario concerns the protection of critical maritime infrastructure, including ports, offshore platforms, submarine cables, and pipelines. Surface and underwater drones can be deployed for discreet patrolling and continuous monitoring, reducing the need for constant presence of manned vessels in the vicinity of these targets. If suspicious activity is detected, the information provided by the drones allows for rapid assessment of the situation and the adoption of proportionate measures, limiting the risk of escalation.
Naval drones can also play an important role in supporting rapid response and intervention operations. In crisis situations, they can be used for advanced reconnaissance, assessing the operational environment, and identifying threats before the main platforms are engaged. By providing accurate and up-to-date data, drones help reduce uncertainty and increase the safety of the forces engaged, allowing commanders to make informed decisions in a short time frame.
Another relevant tactical scenario is support for special operations and missions requiring a high degree of discretion. Naval drones can provide essential information on the configuration of the maritime environment, the presence of obstacles, or adversary activities without compromising the confidentiality of operations. In this context, the ability of drones to operate autonomously or semi-autonomously, with a small footprint, is a major advantage in conducting sensitive missions.
In multinational exercises and operations, naval drones can be used to test interoperability, consolidate common procedures, and increase the coherence of allied actions. Integrating these systems into complex scenarios contributes to doctrinal harmonization and the development of common practices, which are essential for the effectiveness of collective operations. At the same time, exercises provide a controlled environment for assessing technological limitations and identifying adaptation needs.
Last but not least, naval drones can be used in non-combat support missions, such as search and rescue, emergency assessment, or monitoring the impact of maritime incidents. These scenarios contribute to increasing the visibility and acceptability of drone use, demonstrating their value not only in a military context but also in support of extended maritime security.
Overall, use cases and tactical scenarios highlight that naval drones should not be viewed as universal solutions but as flexible, adaptable, and complementary tools to existing capabilities. Their integration into operational planning allows the Romanian Naval Forces to expand their range of action, reduce risks, and respond more effectively to the challenges of the contemporary maritime environment, thus strengthening national and regional security.
10. Performance evaluation and success criteria
Performance evaluation and the establishment of success criteria in the process of implementing naval drones are essential components for ensuring operational efficiency and the sustainability of investments made. In the absence of a coherent evaluation system, there is a risk that these capabilities will be underutilized or will not adequately meet the strategic objectives of the Romanian Naval Forces. Therefore, performance evaluation must be designed as a continuous process, integrated into the mechanisms for planning and conducting maritime operations.
A first set of success criteria is represented by technical and operational indicators, which allow the performance of autonomous platforms to be measured in real operating conditions. These indicators include operational autonomy, system reliability, technical availability, quality and accuracy of collected data, as well as the ability to operate in varying weather and environmental conditions. Systematic monitoring of these parameters provides a clear picture of the level of technological maturity and the need for adjustment or modernization.
A second set of criteria concerns operational performance, i.e. the effective contribution of naval drones to the fulfilment of missions. These can be assessed by analysing response time, coverage of areas of interest, effectiveness in detecting and monitoring threats, and the ability to integrate into complex operations. Reducing the time needed to obtain a common maritime picture and improving the quality of operational decisions are relevant indicators of the added value of these systems.
A particularly important criterion for success is functional integration into command and control systems. The assessment should focus on the extent to which the information provided by drones is effectively used in the decision-making process, without generating information overload or procedural malfunctions. The ability to transform raw data into relevant and actionable information is a key element of operational efficiency and institutional maturity.
The size of the human resource is another pillar of performance assessment. The level of training of operators, their degree of integration into operational structures, and the ability to maintain the necessary skills in the long term are determining factors for successful implementation. The assessment should include systematic feedback from the personnel involved, the identification of additional training needs, and the adaptation of training programs to technological and operational developments.
Another essential criterion is cost-effectiveness. The performance of naval drones must be analysed in relation to the resources invested, taking into account both initial costs and life-cycle costs. The ability to efficiently replace or complement the missions of conventional platforms without generating disproportionate costs is a relevant indicator of the sustainability of investments.
Finally, strategic impact can be considered a criterion for success. The contribution of naval drones to strengthening maritime security, increasing the credibility of the Romanian Naval Forces, and enhancing interoperability with allied partners reflects the level of integration and maturity of the capabilities developed. This impact must be assessed periodically, including through participation in multinational exercises and analysis of lessons learned from operations and simulations.
In conclusion, the evaluation of naval drone performance must be a structured, multidimensional process geared toward continuous improvement. Establishing clear, measurable, and adaptable criteria allows for rapid adjustment of implementation, maximization of operational benefits, and ensuring responsible and efficient use of these capabilities, in line with the strategic objectives of the Romanian Naval Forces and the requirements of the maritime security environment.
11. Conclusion
The integration of naval drones into the Romanian Naval Forces represents a decisive step in the process of adapting to the profound changes in the maritime security environment. The analysis highlights that these systems should not be viewed as mere technological extensions of existing capabilities, but as strategic tools capable of influencing the way maritime operations are planned, conducted, and executed. In a maritime space characterized by increased competition, strategic ambiguity, and constant pressure below the threshold of armed conflict, naval drones offer an essential combination of flexibility, persistence, and operational efficiency.
The added value of naval drones derives from their ability to strengthen information superiority, reduce risks to military personnel, and extend the fleet’s response spectrum in crisis situations. Their integration into a coherent command and control architecture, coupled with doctrinal and organizational adaptations, allows for accelerated decision-making and improved operational decision quality. In this regard, successful implementation is not determined solely by the technical performance of the platforms, but by the degree of systemic integration and institutional maturity of the structures involved.
At the same time, the analysis emphasizes that the implementation of naval drones requires careful management of a complex set of operational, legal, and security risks. Technological vulnerabilities, external dependencies, risks of unintended escalation, and human resource challenges require a cautious, phased, and risk-management-oriented approach. A clear regulatory framework, well-defined procedures, and sustainable long-term investments are indispensable conditions for fully leveraging these capabilities.
From a strategic perspective, the adoption of naval drones offers the Romanian Navy a limited window of opportunity to strengthen its maritime security posture and align itself with the doctrinal and technological developments of its allies. Delaying decisions or implementing them in a fragmented manner risks creating operational gaps that are difficult to recover from and reducing the relevance of the fleet in a rapidly changing regional environment.
In conclusion, naval drones must be integrated as part of a coherent strategic vision that correlates technology with doctrine, organization, and human resources. Through an integrated and responsible approach, the Romanian Naval Forces can transform these systems from a technological innovation into a sustainable operational advantage, capable of contributing significantly to national and regional maritime security and strengthening Romania’s credibility within the Euro-Atlantic security architecture.
In its current configuration, the Romanian Naval Forces face the challenge of maintaining a credible and continuous maritime presence, based essentially on combat and support ships, which remain the central pillar of naval capabilities. However, the expansion of the mission spectrum, increased pressures below the threshold of armed conflict, and the need for persistent surveillance over large maritime areas are testing the ability of conventional platforms to fully meet these requirements without additional operational costs and risks to personnel.
In this context, naval drones should be understood not as an alternative to manned ships, but as a complement and extension to them, designed to amplify the range of observation, support maritime situational awareness, and enable more efficient use of the main naval platforms. The integration of drones thus contributes to strengthening the role of ships, not diminishing it, by providing informational and operational support that increases the overall efficiency of the forces.
MARITIME SECURITY FORUM