The need to reevaluate maritime doctrine following the introduction of maritime drones into the Romanian Navy
ANALYSIS: Maritime Security Forum
1. Introduction
Reassessing maritime doctrine with regard to the introduction of maritime drones is a complex process and requires a rigorous, detailed, and critical analysis of existing principles, concepts, and strategies, especially in light of the new technologies and advanced equipment available today. This thorough assessment involves not only identifying but also adjusting current conceptual and operational frameworks to accurately reflect the significant potential and challenges posed by the use of autonomous drones in the maritime environment.
During this reassessment process, careful consideration is given to how emerging technologies can and should be integrated into existing command and control structures, as well as into key areas of naval strategy and planning, thus ensuring the necessary compatibility with traditional doctrines, which must be adapted to new conditions and realities.
The fundamental importance of this review lies in discovering and identifying the significant contributions that maritime drones can make to the efficient operation and security of ports, the careful surveillance of maritime borders, the conduct of search and rescue missions, and the essential activities of patrolling and monitoring territorial waters. It is also crucial to take a critical approach to the limitations and potential risks generated by these innovative technologies, such as cyber vulnerabilities, interoperability issues between different technological systems, and the impact these drones may have on national sovereignty.
The reassessment of maritime doctrine must be conceived as a dynamic and continuous process, ensuring the constant updating and flexibility of the strategies used, in line with the rapid evolution of technology and the new levels of threat emerging in the maritime domain.
In conclusion, this important step aims to consolidate a doctrinal foundation adapted to the new current reality, capable of supporting effective and well-founded strategic decisions and guaranteeing a modernized, secure, efficient, and interoperable naval mission capable of responding to the complex challenges of the present and the future.
2. The strategic and operational specificity of the Black Sea in the context of the use of maritime drones
The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed maritime space of particular strategic relevance, whose geopolitical, legal, and operational characteristics directly influence the way contemporary maritime doctrine is conceived and applied. Unlike other maritime basins, this theater is characterized by a high density of competing strategic interests, the immediate proximity of conflict zones, and a marked degree of militarization, which has intensified significantly since 2022. In this context, the Black Sea has become a space for indirect confrontation, for testing hybrid capabilities, and for asserting asymmetric strategies, in which the classic means of projecting maritime power are subject to increasingly evident operational constraints.
From a strictly operational perspective, the specific characteristics of the Black Sea favor the use of autonomous and semi-autonomous platforms, as the relatively short distances allow for the efficient operation of maritime drones, and the high degree of contestation of the maritime space increases the value of low-signature systems. The proliferation of naval mines, hybrid threats, and the development of anti-access/area denial systems are leading to a significant increase in risks for human crews, making maritime drones not only force multipliers but also true instruments of doctrinal compensation. With their ability to provide persistent surveillance, rapid response in sensitive areas, and operational flexibility in a risk-saturated environment, these technologies are emerging as indispensable elements of the maritime security architecture in the Black Sea.
At the same time, the legal particularities of this maritime basin, marked by the interaction between the law of the sea, the straits regime, and regional sovereignty sensitivities, require a carefully calibrated doctrinal approach. The use of maritime drones must be integrated into a predictable, proportionate, and transparent regulatory and operational framework capable of avoiding unintended escalations and legal ambiguities that could generate diplomatic tensions or incidents with strategic impact.
3. Current limitations of the Romanian Naval Forces and the relevance of maritime drones
In this complex regional context, the Romanian Naval Forces face structural and capacity limitations that directly influence the process of doctrinal adaptation. These limitations are not exclusively technological in nature, but result from a combination of historical, budgetary, and industrial factors, reflected in the relatively small number of modern combat platforms, the limited capacity to ensure continuous maritime surveillance, and the significant dependence on human resources for high-risk missions. At the same time, delays in the complete modernization of the fleet, relative to the rapid dynamics of regional threats, accentuate the need to identify flexible and cost-effective doctrinal solutions.
In this context, the introduction of maritime drones should not be interpreted as a substitute for traditional naval capabilities, but as an optimization and complementary solution, designed to expand surveillance and response capabilities without a proportional increase in costs and without additional exposure of personnel. For a Black Sea coastal state with limited naval resources, these systems offer a legitimate asymmetric advantage, capable of partially mitigating capacity differences with other regional actors and strengthening the credibility of the deterrence posture.
From a doctrinal perspective, this reality requires a redefinition of the concepts of naval presence, maritime control, and risk management, as well as the adaptation of command and control procedures to the use of autonomous systems. The integration of maritime drones must be correlated with allied strategies and NATO interoperability requirements in order to avoid fragmentation of capabilities and ensure operational coherence at the regional level. In the absence of such doctrinal adaptation, there is a risk that the introduction of drones will remain sporadic and suboptimal, without producing a real strategic impact.
Therefore, a maritime doctrine explicitly geared towards the specificities of the Black Sea and the real limitations of the Romanian Naval Forces can transform maritime drones from mere technical means into structuring elements of the maritime defense concept. Such an approach allows the technology to be leveraged as an instrument of strategic credibility, both nationally and among allies, and contributes to strengthening maritime security in a deeply unstable and unpredictable regional environment.
4. Technical and operational context of maritime drones
Given the rapid technological advances and the imperative to adapt to the new operational realities that characterize the contemporary maritime environment, the technical and operational characteristics of maritime drones are becoming essential in the complex process of reevaluating current maritime doctrine.
Currently, these autonomous or semi-autonomous tools can be used for an impressive variety of missions, including not only detailed surveillance of the maritime area, but also the identification and monitoring of suspicious vessels, as well as facilitating interaction in crisis and unforeseen situations. Due to their portability, as well as their ability to operate effectively over long distances and in variable weather conditions, maritime drones successfully complement existing infrastructure, significantly increasing the efficiency and speed of response in the field, which is crucial in managing emerging challenges and ensuring national security.
The technical context involves the integration of advanced navigation systems, which are essential to ensure the efficiency of modern operations, specialized sensors that provide accurate data, as well as real-time data processing algorithms, which are essential for rapid decision-making in complex situations.
Operationally, these platforms are extremely versatile and can be adapted for a variety of scenarios, from patrol and detailed inspection to intervention in critical situations, such as emergency maritime rescues or combating illegal activities.
It is important to note that, in addition, modern equipment enables secure communications, playing a fundamental role in ensuring the continuity of information flows, which contributes to reducing cyber vulnerabilities and protecting essential data.
Thus, technological developments are bringing about a profound and significant change in the global operational paradigm, creating the conditions for a fundamental reassessment of maritime doctrines, particularly with regard to the use and integration of maritime drones as a particularly important strategic, operational, and tactical tool. Adapting current legislation, standardising maritime operations and implementing clear and effective procedures are essential conditions for maximising the potential of these advanced technologies, while maintaining a delicate balance between national security and maritime mobility. This reassessment and adaptation of strategies is proving crucial in the face of modern challenges, helping to strengthen maritime capabilities and ensure a prompt and effective response to emerging threats.
5. Doctrinal foundations of contemporary maritime doctrine
Contemporary maritime doctrinal foundations are based on essential concepts of particular importance, such as state sovereignty over its territorial waters, maritime security, and the strategic role played by naval operators in maintaining regional and global geopolitical balance.
In the complex and dynamic context of accelerated technological evolution, maritime doctrine must be adapted and reconfigured to integrate new means, instruments, and technologies for monitoring and intervention. Among these, maritime drones are becoming increasingly relevant and indispensable elements in naval activities. These drones not only significantly expand the capacity for observation and rapid response to emerging threats, but also reconfigure existing traditional paradigms, thus requiring a bold reassessment of the principles of operation and authority specific to the maritime environment. This adaptability is crucial to respond to the increasingly complex and varied challenges facing the maritime domain today.
Furthermore, modern doctrine provides for a significant shift in perspective in resource and risk management, placing particular emphasis on the essential interoperability between the various components of the naval force, but also on the ability to adapt to the fast-paced and dynamic environment of asymmetric risks.
The ever-evolving geopolitical turmoil and new forms of emerging threats strongly call for a flexible vision, where technology becomes not only a differentiating factor, but also an important vector of strategic advantage. In this direction, doctrine must support not only continuous technological innovation, but also a significant increase in the adaptability of existing doctrinal structures to ensure a stable balance between national security and strict compliance with international norms. This implies a review of current strategies and a constant reassessment of operating conditions in the international context in order to address increasingly complex and varied challenges.
Thus, all these fundamental elements of the maritime domain must be integrated into a doctrinal framework that is truly up-to-date and adapted to contemporary needs, capable of supporting both rapid and dynamic technological development and the preservation of the fundamental principles of traditional maritime operability. This is essential to ensure a solid leadership position in the new global maritime context, which is becoming increasingly complex and challenging.
Doctrinal reassessment is thus proving to be an ongoing process, aimed at filling existing traditional gaps and maximizing the significant benefits that the introduction of maritime drones brings to modern fleets. Only through such constant adaptation and updating can we effectively respond to current and future challenges in the maritime field, thus ensuring our prosperity and competitiveness in this key sector.
6. Legal and regulatory framework for maritime drones
The legal and regulatory framework for maritime drones is an essential element of increasing importance in the process of effectively integrating these technologies into modern and complex maritime operations. In the context of the rapid and continuous development of maritime drones, existing regulations must be rigorously adapted and updated to ensure strict compliance with international and national rules, as well as to guarantee the safety, interoperability, and legality of the use of these innovative vehicles.
Firstly, maritime legislation must clearly define the legal status of maritime drones[1], establishing the responsibilities of operators, the methods of control, supervision, and safe use in various situations. Clear and precise rules on authorisation, technological certification and the management of important and sensitive data generated must also be implemented, in strict accordance with EU regulations and international standards, such as those developed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Another essential and particularly important aspect is the development of detailed interoperability protocols between different types of drones and existing infrastructure, as well as the establishment of strict safety parameters to prevent incidents and unauthorized use of these devices. In addition, it is essential that current legislation includes adequate environmental protection and risk management measures, as well as specific rules for the operation of drones in sensitive areas or in international contexts, given the need not to affect the national sovereignty or strategic interests of the states involved. In this regard, effective collaboration between maritime, military, and regulatory authorities becomes crucial to creating a coherent and adaptable framework capable of responding to emerging challenges, including those related to cybersecurity and the protection of sensitive data.
Therefore, the review of the regulatory framework must be a continuous and dynamic process to ensure the responsible and efficient use of maritime drones, which must be integrated into modern maritime doctrines and policies, with the main objective of developing an infrastructure that supports innovation and efficiency in this field of activity.
7. Impact of the introduction of maritime drones
The implementation of maritime drones introduces significant and extremely important changes in the strategic balance of existing naval forces, thus strengthening the capacity for detection, close monitoring, and a rapid, effective, and coordinated response in complex operational theaters. These innovative technologies allow for much better control of maritime space in a more discreet, efficient, and economical way, resulting in reduced vulnerability of human crews in sensitive or dangerous areas where risks are much higher. Modern maritime drones also enhance the ability to anticipate potential emerging threats, facilitating a prompt and well-coordinated response to incidents or hostile actions that may arise at short notice, and contribute to strengthening national security through continuous surveillance and real-time intelligence gathering, thereby bolstering national defense.
From a geopolitical perspective, the introduction of this advanced technology equipment can substantially alter the balance of power in disputed and unstable regions, accentuating the significant advantages of those who have these modern resources at their disposal. At the same time, the potential for seamless integration with other advanced weaponry and intelligence systems greatly increases operational interoperability, thus facilitating a coherent and effective defense strategy, as well as a broader projection of maritime power.
In conclusion, the impact translates into a strengthening of the defensive and offensive positions of naval forces, but also brings new and complex challenges related to the need to adapt military doctrine to new innovative technologies and to manage the associated risks, especially in the context of a rapidly evolving international situation and the emergence of hybrid technologies, which add a new level of complexity to global and regional security.
8. Elements for assessing effectiveness and risks
Assessing the effectiveness and risks associated with the use of maritime drones requires a complex and detailed analysis, integrating both the strategic advantages and the potential vulnerabilities that may arise in various scenarios.
In terms of effectiveness, these modern technologies have the ability to significantly expand the area of surveillance, greatly reducing the need for direct human intervention and substantially improving rapid response in crisis or conflict situations. Maritime drones also play an essential role in optimizing existing naval resources, without completely replacing ships, but also in increasing the accuracy of valuable information gathering, which can support high-level operational and strategic decisions, with major implications for the overall efficiency of missions. This type of technology, with all its advantages, also raises questions about security and data protection, which highlights the need for a comprehensive assessment of the risks associated with their use on the battlefield or in sensitive maritime areas.
However, for a realistic and comprehensive assessment of the impact, the inherent risks associated with the use of advanced technology must also be evaluated, such as technological vulnerability to sophisticated cyber attacks or intentional sabotage, as well as the risks of operational errors that can directly lead to serious and unforeseen incidents.
Data security and the confidentiality of transmitted information become critical issues, especially in the context of sensitive maritime operations, where information can be extremely valuable and sought after by external entities.
Furthermore, the risks of overuse or excessive dependence on technology can significantly compromise the ability to respond to emergencies, especially if systems are compromised or experience significant technical failures. These risks, if not properly managed, can have devastating effects on operations, jeopardizing not only data security but also mission integrity.
The assessment elements should include a detailed and well-founded cost-benefit analysis, carefully comparing the investments made in maritime drones with the significant advantages they can bring in various areas, as well as an estimate of the associated collective risks. It is essential that the implementation of effective communication security measures, together with the regular and rigorous updating of existing protocols, be considered crucial steps in minimizing the possible risks that may arise.
At the same time, it is imperative to consider the operational and legal constraints that can undoubtedly limit the full effectiveness and performance of the new technologies introduced. In conclusion, a thorough and rigorous reassessment of efficiency and risk elements becomes the fundamental basis for a prudent, responsible, and well-planned implementation of maritime drones, thus ensuring optimal compatibility between the strategic benefits that can be achieved and protection against existing vulnerabilities that could affect the success of this initiative.
9. Interoperability and integration projections with existing structures
Interoperability and integration projections with existing structures are a fundamental and particularly important aspect in the complex process of adapting maritime doctrine to new drone technologies, which are becoming increasingly relevant in the current context. To ensure coordinated, harmonious, and efficient operation, it is essential that the maritime drones developed are capable of communicating and operating in synergy with systems and equipment already in use, such as naval platforms, maritime traffic control systems, and existing command and control centers. This interoperability involves not only strict technological compatibility, but also rigorous standardization of communication procedures and protocols to avoid operational conflicts or misunderstandings that may arise. This will ensure deep integration and optimized functionality, contributing significantly to increased operational efficiency.
Effective integration in the field of modern technologies requires a well-defined systemic approach, in which drones become essential and interoperable components of a larger network and ecosystem, thus facilitating rapid information exchange and real-time coordination between the various entities involved. In this regard, the development and implementation of common data platforms capable of centralizing and processing diverse information flows from various sources is crucial and constitutes a priority of the utmost importance. In the long term, this approach will enable the creation of smart maritime networks that will respond promptly and accurately to developments and dynamics in the operating environment, thus contributing to the efficiency of surveillance and intervention activities.
At the same time, compatibility with existing infrastructure must include robust cybersecurity standards that effectively protect both communications and the autonomous operation of drones from potential threats that may arise in the highly dynamic digital environment. The development of interoperability modules based on open and flexible protocols that are adaptable to rapid technological developments will ensure the necessary flexibility for all levels of maritime operations. This will significantly contribute to increasing efficiency and security in the management of complex operations at sea, where every detail counts for the success of the mission.
The implementation of these interoperability and integration projects requires close and well-coordinated collaboration between all stakeholders, namely the military, civilians, researchers, and industry, in order to build a common operating framework and an adaptable infrastructure that can respond to future demands. This cooperation is essential to ensure the effective alignment of resources and a rapid response to emerging challenges. In conclusion, a well-founded integration strategy will not only optimize resources and operational responses, but will also contribute significantly to strengthening maritime security and sovereignty in an increasingly digitized and interconnected environment that requires a flexible and dynamic approach to various emerging threats and risks.
10. Ethical, security, and sovereignty challenges
The implementation of maritime drones in the Romanian Navy’s operational structures is a multifaceted challenge that requires an in-depth analysis of ethical, security, and sovereignty issues. From an ethical perspective, the use of these sophisticated technologies raises complex questions related to assuming responsibility for possible incidents or violations of maritime space, but also to the potential impact on the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, especially in the context of surveillance or intervention activities.
In the context of naval operations, transparency and strict compliance with international norms are essential imperatives in managing these sensitive issues, in order to avoid negative perceptions of pressure or abuse that could undermine public and international confidence in these actions. It is also crucial to consider the long-term implications of this technology on geopolitical and regional dimensions to ensure the responsible and ethical use of drones in maritime environments.
In terms of security, the introduction of maritime drones brings both exciting opportunities and risks that we cannot ignore. Technological innovations can be a step forward in maritime security and the monitoring of large areas of water, but at the same time, overreliance on technology or the improper use of these advanced devices can lead to significant vulnerabilities, such as the interception of sensitive data or the sabotage of essential electronic systems. These risks are amplified by possible escalations of regional or international conflicts, and uncontrolled military uses of maritime drones can create a climate of instability. Thus, the need to implement strict monitoring and develop international cooperation frameworks is becoming increasingly urgent in order to ensure adequate control over this emerging technology. In addition, there is the possibility that drones could be used for illicit purposes, for unauthorised activities or for unauthorised interventions, which poses a real threat to regional and global stability. Identifying these risks is essential in order to develop effective policies and take measures to avoid potential crisis situations.
From a sovereignty perspective, controversies arise in contexts where drones can operate in disputed or sensitive maritime areas, being used for surveillance or monitoring without the consent of the states involved. This can generate diplomatic tensions and creates the need to establish clear legal and technical limits for the use and control of these devices. Ensuring a balance between technological benefits and respect for national sovereignty thus becomes a priority in order to avoid conflicts and promote international cooperation on this basis.
Finally, addressing these challenges must be integrated into the doctrinal reassessment process to ensure that the development and use of maritime drones contributes to strengthening security and stability while respecting ethical and sovereignty principles.
11. Recommendations for doctrinal reassessment
For an adequate doctrinal reassessment in the context of the introduction of maritime drones, it is essential to start by updating the conceptualization of their role and function within the naval structure. Maritime doctrines must reflect the new technological realities, as well as the strategic and operational possibilities offered by these autonomous platforms. First, it is necessary to redefine key concepts related to sovereignty, control, and security in the maritime environment to incorporate the specificities of maritime drones, including aspects related to autonomy, interoperability, and response to emerging threats.
At the same time, concepts of intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance capabilities must be reassessed, taking into account the advantages and limitations of the technology. This review should also discuss the strategic implications and possible associated risks, such as cyber vulnerabilities and sovereignty issues.
A crucial component of the reassessment is the integration of a multidisciplinary perspective, including not only military and technical aspects, but also those related to ethics, legality, and international cooperation. The updating of doctrine must be supported by a flexible and adaptable regulatory framework capable of responding quickly to new challenges and ensuring a balance between innovation and responsibility.
At the same time, the need to train crews on board ships/submarines/helicopters, as well as teams in command centers/posts, on the joint use of surface/submarine and aerial maritime drones should not be overlooked.
In conclusion, the reassessment process must be continuous and adaptable in order to support the efficient and safe use of maritime drones and to ensure a coherent and up-to-date doctrinal position in the face of rapid developments in technology and the maritime strategic environment.
12. Conclusion
A detailed reassessment of maritime doctrine regarding the systematic introduction and integration of maritime drones into current naval forces reveals a pressing need for appropriate, integrated, and dynamic adaptation of the fundamental principles underlying traditional naval strategies and tactics.
Against the backdrop of the ever-advancing conditions of modern technology and in the context of the considerable expansion of operational applications and tactics of warfare at sea, maritime doctrine must become not only more flexible, but also much more responsive to emerging challenges, thus incorporating the new capabilities and functionalities offered by marine drones. This complex and detailed adaptation process involves a fundamental redefinition of the roles and responsibilities of naval structures, ensuring that the mode of operation is in line with these significant new technological advances, as well as adjusting the existing doctrinal framework to fully leverage the potential of these innovative solutions, without compromising the fundamental principles of maritime security and sovereignty, which are of paramount importance in the current global context. At the same time, the operating, evaluation, and interoperability procedures for maritime drones must be subject to a critical and rigorous assessment process. This is fundamental to ensuring optimal compatibility with existing systems and to ensuring effective adaptability to future technological developments and changes. Such an in-depth reassessment must take into account all ethical and security aspects, as well as the risks associated with cyber attacks, discrepancies in the implementation of advanced technologies, or possible alterations to their functioning. On the other hand, the integration of maritime drones into existing structures must always be accompanied by a rigorous clarification of international rules, regulations, and procedures in order to adequately protect the rights and responsibilities of all parties involved! This is crucial in order to avoid potential conflicts or misinterpretations of international maritime law, which could have adverse long-term consequences.
Finally, a thorough and well-founded reassessment, based on extensive research and detailed analysis of maritime doctrine, is essential to ensure the continuity and relevance of naval structures. They must adapt to the new realities of this digitalised and technologised era, while promoting a safe, efficient and coordinated operating framework for all components involved in maritime defence missions. This adaptation not only guarantees a rapid and accurate response to any challenge that may arise on the world’s seas and oceans, but also contributes to strengthening international partnerships, which is essential for maintaining peace and stability in sensitive maritime regions.
MARITIME SECURITY FORUM
[1] Legal aspects of unmanned maritime systems – Mr. (just. mil.) Dr. Mădălina PREDA – Article published in the Naval Forces Bulletin No. 37/2023